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'EERINE' SKY, CHARRED BODIES: 80 YEARS SINCE TOKYO WWII FIRESTORM - TOKYO JAPAN

'EERINE' SKY, CHARRED BODIES: 80 YEARS SINCE TOKYO WWII FIRESTORM - TOKYO JAPAN 

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TOKYO

On her sixth birthday 80 years ago, Shizuko Nishio clung to her mother as U.S. B-29 bombers started a firestorm that turned humans to ash and Tokyo into a wasteland.

Five months before the United States dropped atomic weapons on Japan's Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the nighttime raid on March 9-10, 1945 was World War II's deadliest using conventional bombs.

At least 80,000 people died, and likely more than 100,000, according to Japanese and U.S. historians.

Nishio, now about to turn 86, was one of the lucky ones. She was the only survivor in her kindergarten class of 20 children.

The night before the raid, she had been "feeling excited" about her birthday and looking forward to starting primary school.

"Then at night, when we were in bed, my father told us to flee to the primary school in front of our house," the retired vet and medical researcher said.

The shelter was already packed.

Nishio's 19-year-old cousin and a nurse stayed, but the rest of the group went to another school basement.

Wave after wave of bombers dropped incendiary bombs, creating an inferno that consumed 16 square miles (4,145 hectares) of the city.

"We thought my cousin and the nurse would be fine," Nishio said.

Hours later they were among 200 people "discovered dead in a steamed state", cooked alive in the shelter by the raging fires outside.

Before dawn, the morning of her birthday, Nishio and her family emerged to discover "charred bodies" that were like "human logs," she said.

"There was nothing", she said. "It was like the surface of the moon".

British historian Richard Overy, author of "Rain of Ruin: Tokyo, Hiroshima and the Surrender of Japan", said that creating "an unstoppable conflagration" was "deliberate".

"Until the raid on Tokyo, the American Air Force had been trying to destroy Japanese factories or attack Japanese ports. But they'd been very unsuccessful," Overy told AFP.

U.S. Air Force General Curtis LeMay decided to "attack low, with incendiaries, and burn down cities," Overy said.

"By burning them down, you would kill workers, de-house them. You would destroy small factories scattered around the domestic residential zones. And that this would contribute in some way to undermining the Japanese war economy."

Because of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, followed the following month by Japan's surrender, the firebombing of Tokyo is often overlooked.

Even the similar attacks by the Americans and British on Hamburg and Dresden in Germany -- which killed fewer people -- are better known, Overy said.

Tokyo was "the worst conventional bombing attack of World War II. We need to be more aware of it," Overy said.

"There's no doubt the civilians were a deliberate target," he said.

Yoko Kitamura was eight at the time of the bombing.

She remembers the sky glowing "eerie red" and hearing that the river was "filled with bodies".

"The fire was growing while I was watching the sky in fear," the 88-year-old told AFP. "In our area, it was bright like it was daytime".

Two months later, on May 24, 1945, her district of Tokyo was also attacked with incendiary bombs.

One fell near her and "like a sparkler" scattered flames.

"One dropped on a person in front of me, whose clothing caught fire," Kitamura said.

"'It's catching fire!' I thought. But I couldn't ask if the person was okay... I was fleeing for dear life," she said.

Later, Kitamura became a doctor, but she always hated the sound of ambulances because it reminded her of the scream of air raid sirens.

"How stupid mankind is, killing each other", Kitamura said, after being asked about wars today.

Nishio agreed. "When I was watching television of the Ukraine situation, there was a little girl crying at a shelter... I thought, this is me!" she said.

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SMALL ISLAND COMMUNITIES IN JAPAN PREPARE TO RIDE OUT DISASTER'S ALONE - SENDAI JAPAN

SMALL ISLAND COMMUNITIES IN JAPAN PREPARE TO RIDE OUT DISASTER'S ALONE - SENDAI JAPAN

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SENDAI

Japan has more than 400 small, inhabited islands that are uniquely exposed to the risks of natural disasters.

In the event of a major earthquake, the islands' inherent isolation and, for some, remote locations make the delivery of emergency supplies and other aid in the aftermath of tsunami and other calamities a big challenge.

While authorities at national and municipal levels are striving to raise awareness of the need for individuals to be ready and able to help themselves and others, some took matters into their own hands after the 2011 earthquake that devastated the northeast's Tohoku region.

The Urato Islands in Matsushima Bay in the region demonstrate how island communities can support themselves during crises. In 2011, the residents of the four inhabited islets minimized casualties by working together after the earthquake and tsunami, with little government assistance.

After the disaster, self-sufficiency on the islands in Miyagi Prefecture proved critical as there were only three deaths from some 600 inhabitants, despite half of the houses being destroyed or swept away.

A tsunami estimated at 8.5 meters reached Katsurashima, the most populated of the four islands, and firefighters and other rescuers reportedly forced elderly people who were unwilling to evacuate to relocate to shelters.

As support from outside could not be expected, islanders voluntarily and independently managed the shelter, which housed some 240 people at one point.

They gathered available food from their homes to make up for shortages and set up temporary toilets. In addition, they formed 10-person groups to provide security around the clock.

Islanders also operated heavy machinery to remove debris from roads and arranged the shipment of medicines from Japan's main island of Honshu by asking residents what was needed.

Efforts to sustain the community without the help of public authorities continued until the completion of temporary homes for displaced people.

Even with such displays of resilience, experts stress the importance of discussing disaster readiness in advance of any incident.

A tsunami of some 30 meters in height struck Okushiri Island in Japan's northernmost prefecture of Hokkaido within two to three minutes after the 1993 Hokkaido southwest-offshore earthquake. The tsunami warning was not issued in time and 198 people were killed. A large fire also broke out, destroying the Aonae district in the southern part of the island.

"As roads and the seaport were damaged, the delivery of goods was delayed," recalled Akira Mitsushima, a senior official of the Okushiri town office who experienced the earthquake.

The seaport was damaged, meaning large vessels could not dock and land-based search and rescue operations had to be conducted without heavy equipment since bulldozers and other heavy equipment could not be landed. The delivery of food and water to people was also delayed.

Last August, a team of officials from Mie in central Japan visited Okushiri Island to learn about disaster preparedness from those who experienced the quake firsthand.

They did so due to the likelihood of a major earthquake causing widespread damage to the prefecture that sits on the dangerous Nankai Trough -- an ocean-floor trench along the Pacific coast where the Eurasian and Philippine Sea tectonic plates meet.

There are six inhabited remote islands in Mie, including Kamishima, located in Ise Bay.

Kamishima is forecast to be hit by a tsunami of up to 27 meters in the event of a Nankai Trough quake. However, the island's population of 270 is not protected by seawalls.

The island, which is part of the city of Toba, a popular tourist destination, is accessible only by boat and helicopter.

The municipal government is making efforts to improve the situation by organizing food storage and portable toilets as part of disaster readiness and mitigation measures. But there are no city officials stationed there.

Stopping short of admitting the reality that islanders will largely be on their own during a disaster, a Toba official said, "We want islanders to have a strong sense of disaster awareness."

Naohiro Go, a professor at the Tohoku University of Community Service and Science and an expert on regional anti-disaster measures, listed some significant risk factors for islands and their residents in a disaster.

"There are many unoccupied homes that will easily collapse and the maintenance and management of evacuation routes is difficult due to the advanced ages of the islanders," Go said.

He stressed the importance of administrative initiatives, among other efforts, to "establish a forum for continuous discussions among islanders" regarding disaster relief and mitigation efforts, such as evacuation methods and the maintenance of shelters.

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